Solar Cells are used in connections to make modules. More powerful module normally based on series of energy cells in modules to get additive voltage especially in industrial level production. Photovoltaic modules are also used having glass sheet allowing light to pass through; they also have the protective layers to protect the semiconductors from rain hail etc because it can damage and harm the system. Parallel connections of cells in modules generate high current. Arrays need interconnection of cells in series or parallel, both methods give same results and generate high voltage and current.

Watts and Kilowatts are the terms used to measure power generated by solar arrays. Normally, we use terms like kilowatt hour or kilowatt hour per day to calculate the production and usage of energy, voltage or current on daily basis. Peak kilowatt of solar array generates voltage about 4.8 kilowatt hour per day. Inverters are being used to generate energy and make capable to be used in standalone systems, batteries and production of electricity with high DC current or voltage. The electrical devices can be charged through solar energy and can be used which one will have the
requirement.

P-n junction made from silicon is the best form of Solar Cells and commonly used in individual, commercial and industrial sectors. N type silicon is being connected or diffused directly with p type silicon and gets the junction of silicon i.e. p-n junction. This junction creates high voltage current.

Multiple band gap absorber use Solar Cells to covert the solar spectrum. Solar spectrum can be broken down into smaller bins while using multiple band gaps but the thermodynamic efficiency will be higher for each of the broken bin. Thus, we can say that these cells can be modified and used in different patterns.

Solar Cells are used in various electronic devices and tools to make them powerful and sustainable in the sun. Solar mobile phone charges, solar bike lights and solar camping lanterns are also very helpful for the daily use and people feel much comfortable with their use as there are no circumstances of electric shock.

The process of electricity generation by sunlight is called solar power; the use of photovoltaic cells for direct capture and other concentration solar power for indirect grasping of solar energy, constitute solar power plant. Solar power plant has numerous solar panels or solar cells, all interconnected to one another. They get energy from the sun and convert them into other form of energy, preferably electricity to be consumed by all. The solar power plant methodology works well in countries which receives sunlight for a longer period of time, during an entire year. The amount of solar energy received determines the efficiency of solar panels or solar cells. More sunlight falling on solar panels & solar cells lead to more energy capturing, and therefore more efficiency require less number of solar cells for the generation of electricity.

With the electricity turmoil all across the globe, people are constantly shifting towards this cheap and easy mode of solar energy system. There is a considerable amount of work being done on the size of solar panels to make them small yet attractive. Even now some solar panels are in the market which contains numerous small solar cells. Solar energy is environment friendly with no carbon dioxide emission in the air means, any damage to the environment. Even for domestic use, each home can has its own solar power plant grid. Now what will happen if we all start using solar energy at our homes? Will it be diminished? The answer to this question is never, rather we all will contribute towards saving fossil fuel, our green environment and above all each country’s reliance on foreign fuel will be done away with.

If particularly talk about Asian countries, like Pakistan; the growing electricity problems have made people to think out of the box. The concept of solar energy is novel here in Pakistan but people will opt for it once it is adopted. Even now many solar panel made tiles are available in the market which acts as a substitute for electrical appliances and they are appreciated by the masses. However there are certain drawbacks one may encounter with solar power plant projects. The space constrains; many solar cells have to be connected and they require more space. Secondly huge amount of money is required for solar power plant’s initial investment. The solar energy is indispensable source of energy for all and it must be used in an effective way.

New active phase of sun has been started recently. Solar cycle 24 has taken the start from January 4, 2008 by the indication of a reverse division sunspots. Solar activity is not remains constant; but keeps variations in 11 year average cycle. There are two branches of science related to Solar System i.e. Solar Astronomy and Solar Physics. These categories of Sun Tracing not only study the behavior and position of the sun but also monitor the space based instruments which have been settled to examine the solar sphere. Sunspot activity occurred in April 2000 and the instruments have provided the images and photographs of solar activity of 23rd cycle of solar activity.

According to planetary A-index or PAI geomagnetic activity on earth was on its peak level in October 2003 when sunspot activity was preceding to the minimum. This is the quality of sun that it continuous with power and force even in minimum solar activity. This was the surprise for the astronomers and experts who have given years to the solar tracing. Sun is also responsible of some dangerous bursts activities as after a long time research scientists now claim that sun in never quiet. When magnitude and frequency of solar coronal mass ejections increase; depicts the geomagnetic maximum.

Sun Tracing depicts that collision of a coronal mass ejection with magnetosphere of earth can cause geomagnetic storm and it can damage electric power grid equipment and major electric power failures. So, we can say that sol and its mood can create a wide disturbance in magnetic field of out planets. Solar blazes can interrupt radio reception and then ionosphere will be disturbed with same intensity. Severe geomagnetic fluctuations can cause damage in satellites and the places where astronauts and cosmonauts live.

Commonly two types of thermal applications are being used in Solar trackers i.e. concentrated photo voltaic (CPV) applications and concentrated solar thermal (CSP) applications. These applications are widely used to enable the optical components in both of the procedures. The optics is not direct component of sunlight and big source to gather energy from sun radiations.

Solar TrackerPhoto voltaic solar trackers are being classified into two types i.e. Standard Photo Voltaic Trackers and Concentrated Photo Voltaic Trackers. Each category has its own axes, architecture, vertical supports, intended applications, foundations and driven types. Photo voltaic panels diffuse sun radiations directly from the sky. They gather all available light of sun. Concentrated Photo Voltaic is the direct element of incoming sunlight and maximum level of energy being collected. This tracker is used in low concentration application also. Incoming light only focus to a photo voltaic collector to adjust the optics.

Many factors affect the selection of Solar trackers i.e. magnitude, electric rates, incentives, latitude, weather and constraints. Tracker axes make groups for photo voltaic trackers by depending on the number and orientation of axes. Single axis tracker increases by 30 per cent and dual axis tracker increases more 6 per cent in efficiency. There are many types of trackers used to capture sunlight to convert it in solar energy, some are as follows:

* Horizontal Single Axis Tracker (HSAT)
* Vertical Single Axis Tracker (VSAT)
* Single Axis Trackers
* Tilted Single Axis Tracker (TSAT)
* Polar Aligned Single Axis Trackers (PASAT)
* Dual Axis Trackers
* Tip – Tilt Dual Axis Tracker (TTDAT)
* Azimuth-Altitude Dual Axis Tracker (AADAT)
In single axis trackers rotation of single axis is used which now with advanced tracking algorithms can be align in any fundamental direction. In horizontal trackers face of the module remains parallel to the axis of rotation. The axis of rotation remains horizontal to the ground. It also helps to cut down the cost. Similarly, other trackers are being used to concentrate solar reflectors or lens leaning towards the sun to capture sunlight in photo voltaic panels. The concentrated light must be directed to the device which is near to the focal point of the lens.

The efficiency of the solar panel placement gets affected if the specified angle is changed to a larger extent. On the other hand, small change of few degrees likes +-10 at south or similar towards optimal degree doesn’t affect the placement issue that much. Any obstruction caused in between the working of solar panel greatly disturbs it. The presence of any shade, branches or bushes affects the functioning of solar panel placement. Therefore if it is desired to put on the floor or on ground, it must be saved from all types of tree shade especially from Southern side. The height of the solar cells must be reachable for cleaning purposes. If panels are at an angle of 45 degrees, one can easily clean it, but if they lie flat, then rain water may accumulate and its dusting may become difficult.

For better placement of the solar panels, roof must be steep and sloppy tilting towards South. Many houses normally have such type of roof but if your home doesn’t have one, don’t get worried as it’s not a pre requisite; rather the system will work normal only its efficiency will be affected. During winter season, the objective is to get as much sunlight as possible. Thus for a latitude of 25 degrees, the angle of solar panel must be 51.5 degree and this cause an optimum level of 85% electricity. Similarly for 50 degree latitude, angle of solar panel has to be 74 degrees and the suitable optimum level is 93%. The above mentioned angles are steeper than normal because of less sunlight during winter season. In order to get benefit from that meager amount of electricity, solar panel placement must be pointed directly towards the sun.

Apart from this for inhabitants in Northern Hemisphere, solar panel placement must be towards south to get optimum energy, whereas for Southern Hemisphere, it must be facing north. When considering non-controllable factors, in which sun changes its direction every year, the placement becomes further complicated. In this case Solar Pathfinder is used. It tells about the presence of shade at any area during different times of  the day.

There is another controversy regarding the name of solar panels. Panels are actually modules which are made from solar cells. Therefore it is actually the solar cell, which is the main component engaged in the overall process of collecting and converting sunlight into useable form of energy for all commercial and domestic purposes. A large grid may contains contain many solar panels inside it. Solar cells in a single panel contains energy which remains for a very short period of time therefore when desired to get it on a larger scale, many solar panels are attached together. The number of solar cells attached depends upon the electricity needs. When sunlight falls on solar cells, they immediately start functioning; the greater the sunlight the greater would be the electricity generation.

The use of solar panels for domestic consumption especially for those living in remote areas is encouraging. People at the far side of urban population can make use of sunlight to make electricity thus making their lives easier. Thus even if you make your own solar panels, certain precautionary measures should be taken to avoid any damage. For installation, the size of the place (mostly roof) must be considered accurately. Besides while making solar panels, it must be made with suitable material to make it resistible to bad environmental conditions. For effective working of solar panels, they must be placed on the roof, where they could grab direct sunlight and function well. Therefore its proper placement is essential to make sure those buildings and homes don’t block its sun exposure.

An interesting observation is made regarding the shape of the solar panels. One designed for use in spacecraft is of wings shape. The wings help to grab more light to generate more electricity for the flight of spacecrafts. When they move, they normally face the sun thus electricity is constantly generated in their solar panels which results in smooth flight. There are three types of solar panels one can found in the market. Mono- crystalline panels, as the name indicates they are single celled solar system usually smaller than polycrystalline panels. Second form is poly-crystalline, they are made up of many cells grouped together to make an efficiency of a panel much better than the mono form. Finally the amorphous, they are huge in size but require more space than the other two. The efficiency of the solar panels is determined by the amount of energy captured by its solar cell on sunny days.

We have two technologies which are used normally i.e. Passive Solar Techniques and Active Solar Techniques to capture energy to get fruitful results. They depend on the way they capture, convert and distribute. Passive Solar Techniques includes light dispersing procedures and naturally circular air which are especially designed to get renewable energy source. Photovoltaic panels and solar thermals are used in Active Solar Techniques to strap up the energy from the sun.

About 3,850,000 EJ per year solar energy is absorbed by the universe including atmosphere, oceans and lands. In biomass plants absorb about 3,000 EJ per year during photosynthesis. We have different renewable energy sources like coal, natural gas, oil and uranium but the energy from the sun has double triple worth if we compare with all these resources; the Solar energy will be much more powerful than all of the other renewable energy resources.

Solar panel is the way which can be used to harvest the solar energy to get the best results in the world of science. Heat engines and photovoltaic are the major source to generate solar powered electricity. Only limited Solar energy is being used by the human beings i.e. they use solar calculators, watches and other small devices but normally they depend on other energy resources. Solar Architecture, Portable Water, Distillation, Disinfection, Day lighting, Solar hot Water, Solar Cooking are helpful in space heating and cooling. Thus, we can say that we can
enhance the energy in much competitive way.

Solar energy is being converted in green house process to get better yield of crops and plants. Through green house plants get their nourishment in local climate and without any loss one can get better yield results. Romans used this kind of greenhouses first time in history and gain a lot then Europe came forward to perform various experiments to modify the forms of energy to get the optimum usage styles and methods. Horticulture use greenhouse as its important part and plastic transparent materials also use green house in process like poly

Linear Actuators are various kinds of actuators. Some are as follows:

* Mechanical actuators
* Hydraulic actuators
* Pneumatic actuators
* Piezoelectric actuators
* Electro-mechanical actuators
* Simplified design
* Principles
* Variations
* Linear motors
* Wax motors
* Telescoping Linear Actuator

Mechanical actuators drive by converting rotary motion into linear motion and this conversion has simple types of machinery such as screws, wheel & axle, wedge and cam. Screw is the most simple machines use to tight the nuts by rotating it, the screw moves in one line for this purpose. Similarly, when wheel will move it will enable cable, rack, chain or belt to work. Wedge and cam both work with similar principle. Cam provides limited travel than wedge. When cam rotates, it thrust at the base of a duct to complete the job. Some mechanical actuators use to only pulling purposes like hoist, chain drive and belt drive etc.

Hydraulic Linear Actuators contain hollow cylinder with a piston. The two sides of the piston used to assert pressure on one side and get the required disposition from other one. Car jack is the good example of hydraulic actuator. Hydraulic actuators are the devices controlled by hydraulic pumps. Pneumatic actuators use compressed gas to create pressure.

Piezoelectric actuators use voltage to get expansion in result. Very high voltage is used to get tiny expansions to get extremely fine positioning resolution but with a short range of motion. This exercise cannot be repeated in piezoelectric actuators. Electro mechanical actuators use electric motors instead of knobs and handles to control the function.

There are also many other Linear Actuators used in linear motion systems such as brush, dc brushless, stepper and induction motors. There are variations in designs and one can be confused to get the correct one. Inclined plane is the principle of operation followed by different actuators. It has a continuous ramp used to carry out movement of a huge load over a short distance.

Linear motors are the rotary devices use to convert rotary motion to linear. These kinds of motors have less load capacity as compared with others which are being especially designed to handle heavy loads. Wax motors are used to expand the wax using heat. Nozzles and plungers are used in wax motors. Telescoping Linear Actuators are used in space restrictions.

The Optimizing Solar Power Generation system enhances the greenhouse use which is very fruitful to get better yield of fields and crops by providing them required temperature. Every developed country is emphasizing on the Optimizing Solar Power Generation to utilize alternate renewable energy resources in other activities in different forms. Optimizing Solar Power Generation enables governments to get financial support for photo voltaic power plants and for the domestic use. Developing countries are also coming towards Optimizing Solar Power Generation power plants to promote the domestic and small industry to keep chain of development in progressive ways. This technology is also very beneficial for agriculture development which can be achieved by Optimizing Solar Power Generation of the solar panels and assemblies.

There are two kinds of solar panels commonly used by the experts and scientists i.e. one is fixed SP and other is orientable SP. Fixed SP is used in house applications by installing them in roof and walls of the homes. The oriented SP normally used in photo voltaic power plants and in other various plants to get electricity and high voltage current. Tracking can be automatic and also based on manual settings. It is the cost effective option by which we can also gain optimum energy level by seasonal manual adjustments in devices. Scientists consider incident angles and the change of the incident angle across the average day because atmospheric absorption is variable in 24 hours. We can calculate the intensity by sun trackers.

Experts emphasize to set the photo voltaic power plants which capture more solar energy during peak season so it could be utilize in cold weather and foggy environment. Thus we make optimum usage of solar energy by solar power generation plants. There are various limitations of solar trackers some are mentioned below:

• For heavy work and complicated mechanical structure, we use vertical trackers which are available in high prices not generally affordable as it also needs maintenance time after time.
• Wind, atmosphere and humidity can affect the working condition of power plants so SP with heavy regulation angles must be protected by such circumstances.
• Reciprocal shadows must be avoided in oriented SP.
• It is very important to find out simple, cost effective, reliable and durable solutions for orientation power generation systems.